1. 1

    Invite the child to bring the tray. Feel the wool together: 'This is like fur. Many animals have fur or hair.'

  2. 2

    Stroke the feather: 'Only birds have feathers.'

  3. 3

    Tap the shell: 'Some animals, like snails and turtles, have a hard shell.'

  4. 4

    Show the photographs of scales: 'Fish and snakes have scales.' Then show the frog: 'A frog has smooth, moist skin.'

  5. 5

    Lay out the header cards and give a three-period lesson on the five coverings.

  6. 6

    Sort a few animal cards together, saying the covering aloud.

  7. 7

    Invite the child to sort the rest and check with the control chart.

What catches the child’s eye

  • The soft wool next to the hard, cool shell
  • A frog's shiny, wet-looking skin in the photograph

Extensions, easiest to hardest

  1. Touch our own skin and hair: people are mammals and have hair
  2. Sort harder animals: a turtle (shell and scaly skin), a whale (only a few hairs), a penguin (feathers)
  3. Play a feely bag game with the samples, naming each by touch
  4. Look for coverings on a nature walk: an empty snail shell, a dog's fur, a bird's feathers seen from a distance

Control of error

The control chart shows each animal under its covering; samples and photographs are labeled on the back.

Ready to move on when the child…

  • Names the five coverings
  • Sorts at least ten animals by covering
  • Names the covering of a new animal by looking at it

Guide note

Use only safe samples: purchased feathers, washed wool, and empty shells. Use photographs, not real snakeskin or turtle shell. A turtle has both a shell and scaly skin; accept either answer and talk about it.

Try “pink tower”, “tummy”, “diaper”, “grace and courtesy”, or “October”.