1. 1

    Place on the rug 17 units, 13 tens, and 4 hundreds in loose piles.

  2. 2

    Start with the units. Count them into rows; at ten, stop: 'Ten units. We can change them for one ten.'

  3. 3

    Carry the ten units to the bank on the tray, exchange them for one ten bar, and place it with the tens.

  4. 4

    Count the units left: 7. Place the card 7.

  5. 5

    Count the tens, now 14. Exchange ten tens for one hundred; 4 tens remain. Place the card 40.

  6. 6

    Count the hundreds, now 5. Place the card 500.

  7. 7

    Stack the cards and read the number: 547.

  8. 8

    State the rule: 'When we have ten of one kind, we change them for one of the next kind.'

What catches the child’s eye

  • The trip to the bank to trade ten units for one ten bar
  • A loose pile shrinking to a few neat beads in each category

Extensions, easiest to hardest

  1. Include thousands in the pile.
  2. Exchange the other way: one ten for ten units, one hundred for ten tens.
  3. Child records the number formed on paper.

Control of error

Ten units laid beside a ten bar must match its length before exchanging; the bank gives one of the next category only for exactly ten.

Ready to move on when the child…

  • Exchanges without a reminder whenever a category reaches ten
  • Exchanges both up and down
  • Reads the final number correctly

Try “pink tower”, “tummy”, “diaper”, “grace and courtesy”, or “October”.